Selected Publications
Fishbach, A. & Wang, J., (in press). Goals Shape Meaning. The Psychological Quest for Meaning. K. Fujita, A. Fishbach, and N. Liberman (Eds). Guilford.
Aczel, B., Barwich, A., Diekman, A. B., Fishbach, A., Goldstone, R. L., Gomez, P., Gundersen, O. E., von Hippel, P. T., Holcombe, A. O., Lewandowsky, S., Nozari, N., Pestilli, F., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2025). The present and future of peer review: Ideas, interventions, and evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(5), e2401232121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2401232121
Trueblood, J. S., Allison, D. B., Field, S. M., Fishbach, A., Gaillard, S. D. M., Gigerenzer, G., Holmes, W. R., Lewandowsky, S., Matzke, D., Murphy, M. C., Musslick, S., Popov, V., Roskies, A. L., ter Schure, J., & Teodorescu, A. R. (2025). The misalignment of incentives in academic publishing and implications for journal reform. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(5), e2401231121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2401231121
Davis-Stober, C. P., Sarafoglou, A., Aczel, B., Chandramouli, S. H., Errington, T. M., Field, S. M., Fishbach, A., Freire, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Oberauer, K., Pestilli, F., Ressl, S., Schad, D. J., ter Schure, J., Tentori, K., van Ravenzwaaij, D., Vandekerckhove, J., & Gundersen, O. E. (2025). How can we make sound replication decisions? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(5), e2401236121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2401236121
Carlson, R. W., & Fishbach, A. (2024). Learning from failure. Motivation Science, 10(3), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000338.
Converse, B. A., Roberts, A. R., Hennecke, M., & Fishbach, A. (2024). On the Experience of Goals: Differentiating Goal-Generic Value from Goal-Specific Value. Social and Personality Psychology Compass.
Fishbach, A., Wang, J., & Fadayomi, I. (2024). What do Highly Motivated People Know? Balancing Goals, Prioritizing Actions, Current Opinion in Psychology
Eskreis-Winkler, L., Tanoue Troncoso Peres, L., & Fishbach. A. (2024). The Bigger the Problem the Littler: When the Scope of a Problem Makes it Seem Less Dangerous. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Turnwald, B. P., & Fishbach, A. (2024). Thinking of food: The mental representation of healthy foods as unprepared. Appetite, 200, 107510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107510
Schroeder, J. & Fishbach, A. (2024). Feeling known predicts relationship satisfaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
Roberts, A. R., Imas, A., & Fishbach, A.(2024). Can't wait to pay: The desire for goal closure increases impatience for costs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Turnwald, B., & Fishbach, A. (2024). Intuitive Advertisers: Emotionality in Communication About Unhealthy Food. Health Psychology.
Roberts, A. R., & Fishbach, A. (2023). Impatience Over Time. Social Psychology and Personality Science.
Shaddy, F., Tu, Y., & Fishbach, A. (2023). Synchronized Scheduling: Choosing to Experience Different Events in Different Places at the Same Time as Others. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research.
Eskreis-Winkler, L., & Fishbach, A. (2022). Surprised elaboration: When white men get longer sentences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(5), 941-956.
Eskreis-Winkler, L., & Fishbach, A. (2022). You Think Failure is Hard? So Is Learning From It. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17, 1511-1524.
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2022). Motivating Personal Growth by Seeking Discomfort. Psychological Science, 33, 510-523.
Roberts, A. R., & Fishbach, A. (2022). Can’t wait or won’t wait? The two barriers to patient decisions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26, 283-285.
Fishbach, A., (2022). Personal agency and social support: Substitutes of complements? Psychological Inquiry, 33, 42-45.
Winet, Y. K., Tu, Y., Choshen-Hillel, S., & Fishbach, A. (2022). Social exploration: When people deviate from options explored by others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 122(3), 427-442.
Milkman, K. L., Gromet, D., Ho, H., Kay, J. S., Lee, T. W., Pandiloski, P., ... & Duckworth, A. L. (2021). Megastudies improve the impact of applied behavioural science. Nature, 600(7889), 478-483.
Fishbach, A., & Woolley, K., (2021). The structure of intrinsic motivation. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 9, 339-363.
Huang, F., & Fishbach, A., (2021). Feeling Lonely Increases Interest in Previously Owned Products. Journal of Marketing Research, 58, 968-980.
Fishbach, A., (2021). Society for the science of Motivation Presidential Address: Can we Harness Motivation Science to Motivate Ourselves? Motivation Science, 7(4), 363-374.
Shaddy, F., Tu, Y., & Fishbach, A. (2021) Social hedonic editing: People prefer to experience events at the same time as others. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(7), 1233-1240.
Heckhausen, J., Brandstätter, V., Fishbach, A., Freund, A. M., Lachman, M. E., & Robert, P. (2021). Goal changes and healthy aging. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(Supplement_2), S105-S114.
Koo, M., Fishbach, A., & Park, H. (2021). What to say to round up more donors, or bigger donations. Motivation Science, 7, 291-305.
Roberts, A., Shaddy, F., & Fishbach, A. (2021). Love is patient: People are more willing to wait for things they like. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150, 1423-1437.
Shaddy, F., Fishbach, A., & Simonson, I. (2021). Trade-offs in choice. Annual Review of Psychology, 72, 181-206.
Roberts, A. R., & Fishbach, A. (2020). When wanting closure reduces patients’ patience. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 161, 85-94.
Woolley, K., Fishbach, A., & Wang, M. (2020). Food Restriction and the Experience of Social Isolation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 119(3), 657–671.
Steinmetz, J., Touré-Tillery, T., & Fishbach, A. (2020). The first-member heuristic: Group members labeled “first” influence judgment and treatment of groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 118, 706–719.
Eskreis-Winkler, L., & Fishbach, A. (2020). Hidden Failures. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 157, 57-67.
Eskreis-Winkler, L., & Fishbach, A. (2020). When Praise—versus Criticism—Motivates Goal Pursuit. In Brummelman, E. (Ed.) Psychological perspectives on praise (pp. 47-54), Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Eskreis-Winkler, L., & Fishbach, A. (2019). Not Learning from Failure — The Greatest Failure of All. Psychological Science, 30, 1733-1744.
Jia, L., Hirt, E. R., & Fishbach, A. (2019). Protecting an important goal: When prior self-control increases motivation for active goal pursuit. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 85.
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2019). Shared Plates, Shared Minds: Consuming from a Shared Plate Promotes Cooperation. Psychological Science, 30, 541–552.
Eskreis-Winkler, L., Fishbach, A., & Duckworth, A. (2018). Dear Abby: Should I give advice or receive it? Psychological Science, 29, 1797–1806.
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2018). Underestimating the Importance of Expressing Intrinsic Motivation in Job Interviews. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 148, 1-11.
Shaddy, F., & Fishbach, A. (2018). Eyes on the Prize: The Preference to Invest Resources in Goals Over Means. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115, 624-637.
Kruglanski, A. W., Fishbach, A., Woolley, K., Bélanger, J. J., Chernikova, M., Molinario, E., & Pierro, A. (2018). A Structural Model of Intrinsic Motivation: On the Psychology of Means-Ends Fusion. Psychological Review, 125, 165-182.
Woolley, K. & Fishbach, A. (2018). It's About Time: Earlier Rewards Increase Intrinsic Motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114, 877-890.
Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishbach, A. (2017). Three sources of motivation. Consumer Psychology Review, 123–134.
Schroeder, J., Fishbach, A., Schein, C., & Gray K., (2017). Functional intimacy: Needing—but not wanting—the touch of a stranger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 910-924.
Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishbach, A. (2017). Too Far to Help: The Effect of Perceived Distance on the Expected Impact and Likelihood of Charitable Action, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 112, 860-876.
Shaddy, F., & Fishbach, A. (2017). Seller Beware: How Bundling Affects Valuation. Journal of Marketing Research, 54, 737–751.
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2017). A Recipe for Friendship: Similar Consumption Promotes Trust and Cooperation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27, 1-10.
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2017). Immediate Rewards Predict Adherence to Long-Term Goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 151-162.
Finkelstein, S. R., Fishbach, A., & Tu, Y. (2017). When Friends Exchange Negative Feedback. Motivation and Emotion, 41, 69–83.
Zhou, H., & Fishbach, A. (2016). The Pitfall of Experimenting on the Web: How Unattended Selective Attrition Leads to Surprising (yet False) Research Conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111, 493-504.
Steinmetz, J., Xu, Q., Fishbach. A., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Being Observed Magnifies Action.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111, 852– 865.
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2016). For the Fun of It: Harnessing Immediate Rewards to Increase Persistence on Long-Term Goals. Journal of Consumer Research, 42, 952-966.
Koo, M., & Fishbach, A. (2016). Giving the Self: Increasing Commitment and Generosity through Giving Something That Represents One’s Essence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 339-348.
Fishbach, A. & Tu., Y. (2016). Pursuing goals with others. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1-15.
Fishbach, A., Steinmetz, J., & Tu., Y. (2016). Motivation in a social context: Coordinating personal and shared goal pursuits with others. In A. Elliot (Ed.). Advances in Motivation Science, 3, 35-79.
Fishbach, A., & Shaddy, F. (2016). When choices substitute for versus reinforce each other. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 39-43.
Tu, Y., Shaw., A., & Fishbach, A. (2016). The friendly taking effect: How interpersonal closeness leads to seemingly selfish yet jointly maximizing choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 42, 669-687.
Schroeder, J., & Fishbach, A. (2015). How to Motivate Yourself and Others? Intended and Unintended Consequences. Research in Organizational Behavior, 35, 123-141.
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (2015). The Experience Matters More Than You Think: People Value Intrinsic Incentives More Inside Than Outside an Activity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 968-982.
Fishbach, A. & Hofmann, W. (2015). Nudging Self-Control: A Smartphone Intervention of Temptation Anticipation and Goal Resolution Improves Everyday Goal Progress. Motivation Science, 1, 137-150.
Schroeder, J., & Fishbach, A. (2015). The “Empty Vessel” Physician: Physicians' Instrumentality Makes Them Seem Personally Empty. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6, 940-949.
Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishbach, A. (2015). It was(n’t) me: Exercising restraint when choices appear self-diagnostic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 1117-1131.
Tu, Y., & Fishbach, A. (2015). Words speak louder: Conforming to preferences more than actions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 193-209.
Sheldon, O. J., & Fishbach, A. (2015). Anticipating and Resisting the Temptation to Behave Unethically. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 962-975.
Fishbach, A., & Woolley, K. (2015). Avoiding ethical temptations. Current opinion in psychology, 6, 36-40.
Shen, L., Fishbach, A., & Hsee, C. K. (2015). The Motivating-Uncertainty Effect: Uncertainty Increases Resource Investment in the Process of Reward Pursuit. Journal of Consumer Research, 41,1301-1315.
Dai, X., & Fishbach, A. (2014). How non-consumption shapes desire. Journal of Consumer Research, 41, 936-952.
Maimaran, M., & Fishbach, A. (2014). If it’s useful and you know it, do you eat? Preschoolers refrain from instrumental food. Journal of Consumer Research, 41, 642-655.
Klein, N., & Fishbach, A. (2014). Feeling Good at the Right Time: Why People Value Predictability in Goal Attainment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 21-30.
Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishbach, A. (2014). How to Measure Motivation: A Guide for the Experimental Social Psychologist. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 328–341.
Fishbach, A., Koo, M, & Finkelstein, S. R. (2014). Motivation Resulting from Completed and Missing Actions. In J. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.). Advances in experimental social psychology, 50 (pp. 257-307), Elsevier.
Fishbach, A. (2014). The Motivational Self is More Than the Sum of its Goals. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37, 143-144.
Dai, X., & Fishbach, A. (2013). When waiting to choose increases patience. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 121, 256-266.
Fishbach, A., & Choi, J. (2012). When thinking about goals undermines goal pursuit. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 118, 99–107.
Converse, B. A., & Fishbach, A. (2012). Instrumentality boosts appreciation: Helpers are more appreciated while they are useful. Psychological Science, 23, 560-566.
Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishbach, A. (2012). The end justifies the means, but only in the middle. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 570-583.
Koo, M., & Fishbach, A. (2012). The small-area hypothesis: Effects of progress monitoring on goal adherence. Journal of Consumer Research, 39, 493-509.
Finkelstein, S. R., & Fishbach, A. (2012). Tell me what I did wrong: experts seek and respond to negative feedback. Journal of Consumer Research, 39, 22-38.
Fishbach, A., Henderson, D. H., & Koo, M. (2011). Pursuing goals with others: Group identification and motivation resulting from things done versus things left undone. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 520-534.
Touré-Tillery, M., & Fishbach, A. (2011). The course of motivation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, special issue on Applications of Behavioral Decision Theory, 21, 414–423.
Köpetz, C., Faber, T., Fishbach, A., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2011). The multifinality constraints effect: How goal multiplicity narrows the means set to a focal end. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 810-826.
Choi, J., & Fishbach, A. (2011). Choice is an end versus a means. Journal of Marketing Research, 48, 544-554.
Sheldon, O. J., & Fishbach, A. (2011). Resisting the temptation to compete: Self-control promotes cooperation in mixed-motive interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 403-410.
Fishbach, A., Ratner, K. R., & Zhang, Y. (2011). Inherently Loyal or Easily Bored?: Non-conscious Activation of Consistency versus Variety Seeking Behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21, 38-48.
Eyal, T., & Fishbach, A., (2010). Do global and local systems feel different? Psychological Inquiry, 21, 213-215.
Orehek, E., Dechesne, M., Fishbach, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Chun W. Y. (2010). On the inferential epistemics of trait centrality in impression formation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1120-1135.
Finkelstein, S. R., & Fishbach, A. (2010). When healthy food makes you hungry. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 357-367.
Koo. M. & Fishbach, A. (2010). A silver lining of standing in line: Queuing increases value of products. Journal of Marketing Research, 47, 713-724.
Fishbach, A., Eyal, T., & Finkelstein, S. R. (2010). How positive and negative feedback motivate goal pursuit. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 517-530.
Koo, M., & Fishbach, A. (2010). Climbing the goal ladder: How upcoming actions increase level of aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99,1-13.
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Fishbach, A. (2010). Shifting closeness: Interpersonal effects of personal goal progress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98, 535–549.
Zhang, Y., & Fishbach, A. (2010). Counteracting obstacles with optimistic predictions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 16-31.
Fishbach, A., Zhang, Y., & Trope, Y. (2010). Counteractive evaluation: Asymmetric shifts in the implicit value of conflicting motivations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 29-38.
Fishbach, A. Zhang, Y., & Koo, M. (2009). The Dynamics of Self-Regulation. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 15-344.
Myrseth, K. O. R., & Fishbach, A. (2009). Self-control: a function of knowing when and how to exercise restraint. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 247-252.
Fishbach, A.(2009). The function of value in self-regulation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19,129-133.
Myrseth, K. O., Fishbach, A. & Trope, Y. (2009). Counteractive self-control: When making temptation available makes temptation less tempting. Psychological Science, 20, 159 – 163.
Fishbach, A. & Zhang, Y. (2008). Together or apart: When goals and temptations complement versus compete. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 547-559.
Koo, M., & Fishbach, A. (2008). Dynamics of Self-Regulation: How (Un)accomplished Goal Actions Affect Motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 183-195.
Fishbach, A., & Labroo, A. A. (2007). Be Better or Be Merry: How Mood Affects Self-Control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 158-173.
Zhang, Y., Fishbach, A., & Dhar, R. W. (2007). When Thinking Beats Doing: The Role of Optimistic Expectations in Goal-Based Choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 34, 567 - 578.
Zhang, Y., Fishbach, A., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2007). The Dilution Model: How Additional Goals Undermine the Perceived Instrumentality of a Shared Path. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 389-401.
Fishbach, A., Dhar , R., & Zhang, Y. (2006). Subgoals as Substitutes or Complements: The Role of Goal Accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 232–242.
Fishbach, A., & Shah, J. Y. (2006). Self Control in Action: Implicit Dispositions toward Goals and Away from Temptations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 820-832.
Fishbach, A., & Dhar, R. (2005). Goals as excuses or guides: The liberating effect of perceived goal progress on choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 32, 370-377.
Fishbach, A., & Trope, Y. (2005). The Substitutability of External Control and Self-Control in Overcoming Temptation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 256-270.
Zhang, Y., & Fishbach, A. (2005). The role of anticipated emotions in the endowment effect. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 41, 256-270.
Fishbach, A., Shah, J. Y., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2004). Emotional Transfer in Goal Systems. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 723-738.
Friedman, R. S., Fishbach, A., Förster, J., & Werth, L. (2003). Attentional priming effects on creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 15, 277-286.
Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2003). Leading us not unto temptation: Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 296-309.
Trope, Y., & Fishbach, A. (2000). Counteractive self-control in overcoming temptation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 493-506.
Selected Chapters
Sheldon, O. J. & Fishbach, A. (2018). Anticipating and overcoming unethical temptation. In G. Oettingen, A. T. Sevincer, & P. M. Gollwitzer, (Eds.), he Psychology of Thinking about The Future (pp. 455-472). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fishbach, A., & Woolley, K. (2017). Combatting temptation to promote health and well-being. In de Ridder, D. T. D., Adriaanse, M. A., & Fujita, K. (Eds.), Handbook of self-control in health and well-being (pp. 167-179). London: Routledge Press.
Woolley, K., & Fishbach, A. (In press). Harnessing Immediate Rewards to Increase Intrinsic Motivation. In Kopetz C. and Fishbach A. (Eds.),The motivation-cognition interface: From the lab to the real world. A Festschrift in honor of Arie W. Kruglanski.Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis.
Fishbach, A., & Shen, L. (2014). The explicit and implicit ways of overcoming temptation. In Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., & Trope, Y. (Eds.), Dual Process Theories of the Social Mind. (pp. 454-467). New York: Guilford Press.
Fishbach, A.,& Touré-Tillery, M., (2013). Goals and motivation.In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology.Champaign, IL: DEF Publishers. DOI: www.nobaproject.com.
Fishbach, A., & Finkelstein, S. R. (2012). How feedback influences persistence, disengagement, and change in goal pursuit. In H. Aarts. & A. Elliot (Eds.), goal-directed behavior (pp. 203-230). Psychology Press.
Fishbach, A. & Converse, B. A., (2010). Identifying and battling temptation. In K. D. Vohs, & R. F. Baumeister (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory and Applications (2nd edition; pp. 244-260), New York: Guilford.
Fishbach, A. & Myrseth, K. O. R. (2010). The Dieter’s Dilemma: Identifying When and How to Control Consumption. In Dubé, L. (Ed.),Obesity Prevention: The Role of Society and Brain on Individual Behavior, (pp. 353-363), Elsevier.
Fishbach, A. & Converse, B. A., (2010). Walking the Line between Goals and Temptations: Asymmetric Effects of Counteractive Control. In R. R. Hassin, K. N. Ochsner, & Y. Trope, (Eds.), Self control in society, mind, and brain, (pp. 389-407), New York: Oxford University Press.
Fishbach, A., (2009). The Dynamics of Self-Regulation. In J. R., Forgas , R. F., Baumeister, & D. M., Tice (Eds.), Psychology of Self-Regulation: Cognitive, Affective and Motivational Processes, (pp. 163-181), New York: Psychology Press.
Fishbach, A. & Zhang, Y., (2009). The Dynamics of Self-Regulation: When Goals Commit Versus Liberate. In M. Wänke (Ed.),The Social Psychology of Consumer Behavior (in the series Frontiers of Social Psychology), (pp. 365-386), NY: Psychology Press.
Fishbach, A. & Dhar, R., (2007). Dynamics of goal-based choice. In C. P. Haugtvedt, P. M. Herr & F. R. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of Consumer Psychology, (pp. 611-637), NY: Psychology Press.
Fishbach, A. & Trope, Y., (2007). Implicit and Explicit Mechanisms of Counteractive Self-Control. In J. Shah and W. Gardner (Eds.),Handbook of motivation science, (pp. 281-294), NY: Guilford.
Fishbach, A. & Ferguson, M. F. (2007). The Goal Construct in Social Psychology. In A. W. Kruglanski & T. E. Higgins (Eds.) Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. (pp. 490-515). NY: Guilford.
Trope, Y., & Fishbach, A. (2005). Going Beyond the Motivation Given: Self-Control and Situational Control over Behavior. In R. R. Hassin, J. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The New Unconscious, (pp. 537-565), NY: Oxford University Press.
Kruglanski, A.W., Shah, J.Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S., Chun, W. Y., & Sleeth- Keppler, D (2002). A theory of goal systems: Implications for social cognition, affect, and action. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology, 34, 331-376, New York: Academic Press.